Sarbanes-Oxley Act Essay - 727 Words

Sarbanes-Oxley Act Dana Smith LAW/321 December 6, 2011 Michelle Hamilton Sarbanes-Oxley Act In the corporate world today the rules and regulations are stricter than they were in early 2000. The development of corporate governance that established procedures to be used by officers and directors for lines of responsibility, approval, oversight by key stockholders, and set the rules for corporate decision making became more extreme. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002 made the use of ethical decision making more prominent in todays business environment. The SOX Act established the penalties for both criminal and civil charges as well as those in the corporate world are not protected. The term piercing the corporate veil†¦show more content†¦Officers who certify reports knowing that the information is false can be awarded criminal penalties of $1 million in fines and 10 years in prison. If the reports were used in a larger fraudulent scheme the penalties increase to $5 million in fines and 20 years in prison. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is adopting a rule to adjust for the inflation on the maximum amount of civil monetary for certain penalties under the SOX Act. The SEC is requiring federal agency to adopt new regulations at least once every four years. A civil monetary penalty is any penalty, fine, or sanction for a specific amount, or maximum amount, as provided by federal law and is assessed or enforced by the agency in court. Under the SOX Act civil penalties include reinstating the whistle blowing employee to the same position with back pay and interest, compensatory damages, and attorneys fees and costs. The Sox Act does not protect employees complaints to the news media. These acts, also called leaks to the media, by themselves do not constitute whistle blowing. A complaint must be made to a law enforcement agency. The legal decision to treat the rights or duties of a corporation as the rights or liabilities of its directors is called piercing the corporate ve il or lifting the corporate veil. A corporation is treated as a separate legal person for the sole responsible of debts incurred. Corporations areShow MoreRelatedSarbanes Oxley Act1322 Words   |  6 PagesSarbanes-Oxley Act The Sarbanes-Oxley is a U.S. federal law that has generated much controversy, and involved the response to the financial scandals of some large corporations such as Enron, Tyco International, WorldCom and Peregrine Systems. These scandals brought down the public confidence in auditing and accounting firms. The law is named after Senator Paul Sarbanes Democratic Party and GOP Congressman Michael G. Oxley. It was passed by large majorities in both Congress and the Senate and coversRead MoreAnalysis of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act3143 Words   |  13 PagesAnalysis of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Abstract The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was enacted in July 30, 2002, by Congress to protect shareholders and the general public from fraudulent corporate practices and accounting errors and to maintain auditor independence.    In protecting the shareholders and the general public the SOX Act is intended to improve the transparency of the financial reporting.    Financial reports are to be certified by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial OfficerRead MoreEssay on The Sarbanes-Oxley Act852 Words   |  4 Pagestoday that are using the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) legislation that helps to safeguard their company and their financial records. The Sarbanes-Oxley act began in 2002 and the purpose behind this act was to protect organizations, it had a major impact on accounting and record keeping. Because of Enron, they passed this act for publicly-traded corporations to better implement control to their enterprise data. â€Å"Named after Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Mic hael Oxley, who also set a number ofRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act and the PCAOB Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act Overview: The development of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was a result of public company scandals. The Enron and Worldcom scandals, for example, helped investor confidence in entities traded on the public markets weaken during 2001 and 2002. Congress was quick to respond to the political crisis and enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which was signed into law by President Bush on July 30 (Edward Jones, 1), to restore investor confidence. In reference to SOX, penaltiesRead MoreSarbanes-Oxley Act Research Paper1097 Words   |  5 PagesSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Karla Azcue ACC 120-09 Mr. Donald Senior The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is one of the most important legislations passed in the 21st century effecting financial practice and corporate governance. This act was passed on July 30, 2002 thanks to Representative Michael Oxley a republican from Ohio and Senator Paul Sarbanes a democrat from Maryland. They both passed two different bills that pertain to the same problem which had to do with corporations auditing accountabilityRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ACC/561 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Following a number of discovered fraud scandals committed by well-known corporations and in order to restore public confidence in the stock market and trading of securities, the United States congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the year 2002. As a result of the act endorsement by the New York Stock Exchange and the Securities and Exchange Commission, among many other national overseeing committees, a number of rules and regulationsRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act Research Paper1787 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Sarbanes Oxley Act Research Project Brielle Lewis MBA 315 March 6, 2014 I. Abstract The purpose of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities law, and for other purposes. (Lander, 2004) The Act created new standards for public companies and accounting firms to abide by. After multiple business failures due to fraudulent activities and embezzlement at companies such as Enron Sarbanes andRead MoreSarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) Essays1756 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction In July of 2002, Congress swiftly passed the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investors Protection Act at the time when corporations like Arthur Anderson, Enron and WorldCom fell due to fraudulent accounting practices and bad internal control. This bill, sponsored by Mike Oxley (R-OH) and Paul Sarbanes (D-MD), became known as Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX).It sought to restore public confidence in publicly traded companies and their accounting practices, though the companies listed aboveRead MoreThe Implications of the Sarbanes Oxley Act on the Accounting Profession755 Words   |  4 PagesThe Implications of the Sarbanes Oxley Act on the Accounting Profession Abstract On July 30, 2002, the Sarbanes Oxley Act (also known as SOX) was signed into law by President George W. Bush. The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 is a federal law that set new or improved standards for all U.S. public company boards, management and public accounting firms. Covered in the eleven titles are additional corporate board responsibilities, auditing requirements and criminal penalties. ThisRead MoreEssay on Overview of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)1342 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act, frequently known as the SOX. The act was passed on in 2002 as a federal United States law. The law was drafted in response to the numerous numbers of financial scandals performed by high profile corporations such as Johnson Johnson. The action has created a new company standard of responsibility in order to protect the valued stakeholders, as well as the public, from the deceitful practices of various organizations. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act

Cyber Vulnerabilities - 1352 Words

INTRODUCTION With cyber-attacks on the continuous rise, organizations public and private must address computer security vulnerabilities. SANS Institute has revealed â€Å"unpatched client-side software applications† as the top priority vulnerability for organizations globally. In conjunction with unpatched client software, vulnerable â€Å"Internet-facing web sites† can result in an organizations infrastructure to be compromised. In this study I will address the issue of unpatched client software, the impact to an organizations infrastructure, and patch management as a vital mitigation solution. (http://www.sans.org) BODY CLIENT SIDE â€Å"UNPATCHED† SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS VULNERABILITIES Newly released software inevitably has glitches or â€Å"bugs†.†¦show more content†¦Email is a trending tool to exploit client side vulnerabilities. Email is a tool for spear phishing. Spear phishing exploits client-side vulnerabilities by using deceptive impersonations of applications. The email may contain a link to a trusted website, where the victim discloses personal information. Typically, the ultimate goal of the attacker is to steal data from the targeted organization and also to install back doors access so attacker can return for further exploitation. Do not open any junk mail, open email messages in plain text preferably HTML or RTF, lower administrative rights while access web browsers and no opening attachment until properly scanned (www.sans.org) Office solutions software applications are used as an exploit tool for spear phishing attacks using email. When a user opens the malicious document the exploits vulnerabilities in the office software begin. An attacker hosts a malicious document on a web server or shared folder, and entices a user to browse to the web page or the shared folder. Note that, in most situations, Internet Explorer automatically opens Microsoft Office documents. Hence, browsing the malicious web page or folder is sufficient for vulnerability exploitation in many cases (www.sans.org) Navigating vulnerable unpatched client-side workstations through the Internet super highway can lead to computer securityShow MoreRelatedcyber security vulnerabilities4737 Words   |  19 Pagesï » ¿ Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities Facing IT Managers Today Darin Swan University of Maryland University College Two factors increase the stakes of the cyber struggle. Tactically and operationally, the increasing dependence of modern technologically advanced forces (especially U.S. forces) on networks and information systems create new kinds of exploitable vulnerabilities. Second, as modern societies including the militaries that mirror them have continued to evolve, they have become everRead MoreThe Vulnerabilities And Cyber Kill Chain1243 Words   |  5 PagesA. ICS Vulnerabilities and Cyber Kill Chain 1. Reconnaissance - Summarize plausible active gathering, passive gathering, and active reconnaissance techniques that the adversary could have executed to gain intelligence on the target in the scenario. Reconnaissance is the act of collecting background research necessary to identify and select targets. (1) Cyber reconnaissance is an important stage of a well-organized cyber-attack, and is also one of the most time-consuming activities. This phase canRead MoreCyber Security And Vulnerability And Immigration1447 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Cyber security/vulnerability and immigration are some of the aspects that have raised concern in the recent past and significantly affect the ability of organizations in meeting their set objectives and goals. The current global setting has made our global economy highly sensitive to information as any form of security failing that may result in a long-term expense to the business. The situation will negatively affect consumer trust as well as spoil the overall reputation of the organizationalRead MoreCyber Security Vulnerability : A Analysis On The Vulnerabilities As Well As The Uses Of Cyber Intrusions2396 Words   |  10 Pages Cyber security vulnerability Bryan States University of Maryland University College Professor CSEC 610 July 7, 2015 Introduction An analysis on the vulnerabilities as well as the use of cyber intrusions in an organizational network has become key for running businesses (Sengupta, Mazumdar Bagchi, 2011). Enterprises including academic facilities, government parastatals and manufacturing firms are started to carry out business. The organizations mentioned above will in one way orRead MoreNetwork Vulnerabilities And Cyber Kill Chain Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesA- ICS Vulnerabilities and cyber kill chain 1. Reconnaissance This is the phase of the cyber operation in which the cyberwarriors gather information about potentials targets. This operation can be subdivided in three sub phases. The war planners provides objectives, targeters search for potential target that might achieve the war objectives, intelligence professionals gather information about the target’s weaknesses that might be exploited in an attack (Chapple Seidl, 2015, p. 5.2). Passive ReconnaissanceRead MoreThe Cyber Security Vulnerabilities Faced By Different Networks913 Words   |  4 PagesIn today society, Information Technology (IT) managers are facing their fears of different cyber security vulnerabilities faced by different network. The vulnerabilities being either unknown or known makes it challenging for an Information Technology manager to keep the network secure. Organizations prefer to deal with wireless network because of what it can offer. According to Cisco, wireless networks are a powerful tool for boosting productivity and encouraging information sharing. With untetheredRead MoreEssay Impact of Cyber Security Vulnerability on Organizations1263 Words   |  6 Pagesnetwork that uses stuff like packet technique or immediate control depletion to collect private and trustworthy material from cyber security computersystems. Vulnerabilities or weaknesses seem to be in the customer software whois a fellow of an industry that uses it to get the ir tasks performed. The uncovered customer software side is the most important cybersecurity vulnerability/ weakness that the IT community is facing nowadays. Since all the new industries (companies, non-profits or government entities)Read MoreThreat Assessment Ranks Cyber Related Vulnerabilities1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe 2014 Worldwide Threat Assessment ranks cyber-related vulnerabilities as the number one homeland security threat against the United States. In addition to cyber threats within the nation, Russia and China continue to hold views substantially divergent from the United States on the meaning and intent of international cyber security. Also stated within the 2013 Worldwide Threat Assessment is North Korea as they are becoming a tier one threat to the United States. Supervisory Control and Data AcquisitionRead MoreCyber Security Vulnerabilities : Information Systems And Network1614 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Security Vulnerabilities Abstract There are several cyber security vulnerabilities that organizations and individuals need to consider to protect the integrity and confidentiality of their computer systems and networks. These vulnerabilities include software and hardware, intranet, enterprise network, wide and local area network, and transmission media. This paper, therefore, focuses on software and hardware vulnerabilities as the most important and the reasons it is the most important. TheRead MoreAs Organizations Reliance On Technology Continues To Grow974 Words   |  4 Pages As organizations reliance on technology continues to grow so has the amount of cyber attacks which occur compromising organizations information systems and networks. These cyber attacks can have drastic effect on organization financially including downtime or even regulatory fines. Due to this the need to be able to properly identify assets, their vulnerabilities and threats, and the risk they pose to the organization has become a must for ensuring the protection of organizations information systems

Phloem and Principal Water-conducting Elements Free Essays

Exercise 4 (Histology) 1. 1 Give at least three distinguishing features of these groups of cells. Apical meristems have the following features: (1) a â€Å"border† of cells; (2) they follow order or shape; and (3) some cells are darker (indicating that they undergo mitosis). We will write a custom essay sample on Phloem and Principal Water-conducting Elements or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. 1 Identify the tissue. The tissue is a vascular cambium. 4. 5 (? ) Is the epidermis uniseriate or multiseriate? In the cross section of a young root of Helianthus, the epidermis is uniseriate. 6. 1 What do you call the outgrowths of the epidermis? These are called trichomes. 6. 2 What is their function? They function mainly for support and protection of the leaf or stem which contains the epidermis. 6. 3 Classify the types of epidermal outgrowths in the above plants. bristle| scale| simple hair| glandular| branching| stellate| 7. 1 Draw and identify the tracheary elements. reticulate| annular| pitted| scalariform| helical| 8. 1 Differentiate the sieve tubes from the companion cells. The sieve tubes in the phloem are composed of long, narrow cells which lack a nucleus, ribosomes, and some other cellular components; they transport sugars and other organic nutrients. Companion cells have nuclei and ribosomes that also serve the sieve-tube cells but do not themselves take part in conduction. 8. 2 What are the principal water-conducting elements of the xylem? The two principal water-conducting elements of the xylem are the tracheids and the vessel elements. 9. (Table 4. 1) Specimen| Tissue| Cell Types| Characteristic(s)| Function(s)| Cassava pith| | | | | Tomato fruit pulp| | | | | Spanish flag petiole| | | | | Lotus peduncle| | | | | Celery petiole| | | | | Coleus petiole| | | | | Mung bean seed coat| | | | | Peanut pericarp| | | | | Pineapple leaf| | | | | Others| | | | | How to cite Phloem and Principal Water-conducting Elements, Papers

The Seminole Indians Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

The Seminole Indians Essay, Research Paper The Seminole Native Americans are the autochthonal people of southeasterly North America. They are comprised of assorted folks, alternatively of being a individual, alone people. # 8220 ; As the United States is a state made up of people from many states, the Seminole is a folk made up of Indians from many tribes. # 8221 ; ( Garbarino-13 ) . The cultural diverseness consequences from their interaction with other southeasterly folks such as the Calusa, Yuchi, Timucua, Cherokee, Apalachicola, Chickasaw, and Creek. It besides accounts for their Muskogean linguistic communication, which derives from the Hokan-Siouan. The Seminole are most closely related to the Creek. In fact, they shared the same civilization until the Seminole fled from Georgia to Northern Florida during late eighteenth century. Under the Creek, they felt hampered and desired freedom. Therefore, they fled with hopes of independency to Florida, owned by Spain. There, they encountered the Apalachee and Timucua folks, both of which spoke the Mikasuki Language ( Seminole Indians 290 ) . Hence, they were named the Seminole, intending.runaway tens in Creek idiom. Negro and Indian slaves joined them in their pursuit for freedom, as they fled during the power struggles between American settlers and Native Americans ( Seminole 626 ) . They finally obtained complete freedom, but they still retained many imposts of their original civilization. However, their ambiance and milieus still had a great impact on their civilization and lives. Depending on the handiness of resources, they adapted to accommodate their environment. For case, their diet, vesture, and places all depended on the clime, the animate beings present, and the handiness of natural resources. Soon, these factors even began to act upon civilization. .The environment even influenced the linguistic communication and rites. Due to this engagement with Nature, they revered all of Nature. ten ( Garbarino 13 ) The Florida landscape consisted of changing textures: dense woods, bouldery mountains, and fertile vales. The more powerful folks tended to command the auspicious, profitable, fertile vales while the weaker folks controlled the unfortunate woods or mountains ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.seminoletribe.com/ ) . The vale great birthrate is what amounted to its illustriousness. It allowed for the agribusiness of indispensable veggies including beans, corn, and squash in great measures. Fortunately, the Seminoles were able to obtain fertile land. This, nevertheless, was non their chief beginning of nutriment. They hunted, gathered natural fruits, and fished aboard streams. There was a great copiousness of game in their district for all their demands. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.seminoletribe.com/ ) Prior to their reaching in Florida, Spain had claimed the land that Juan Ponce de Leon had named Florida. The district started from the southernmost border of Florida, to the Chesapeake Bay, to the Mississippi River. Meanwhile, struggles arose with the unsettled Native Americans and there were changeless warfare. As a consequence, Juan Ponce de Leon was injured and shortly died. This was a major triumph for the Native Americans that helped to keep their land. ( Garbarino 33 ) Following his decease, conflicts with the Spanish steadily decreased since there was no longer an urging pursuit for land. The Native Americans exposure to foreign people had annihilating effects. As a consequence of their contact with the Spanish, some Indians contracted diseases like fatal pneumonia and variola. The extremely contagious diseases spread rapidly and softly, go forthing them defenseless against their silent, unseeable antagonist. Many tribes population dropped steadily as foreigners continued to settle. ( Lepthien 5-6 ) There were several conflicts to set up control in Florida, in the district of the Seminole, by conflicting European states. In 1564, the Gallic established a colony in Florida, which was shortly destroyed by Spanish forces. Such conflicts between the French, Spanish, and English raged on continuing this event, each state looking to spread out their districts. In 1565, the Spanish founded a lasting European colony in the sou-east named St. Augustine. This district besides attracted the English, so Sir Francis Drake commanded an English force to assail St. Augustine in 1586. Unfortunately, he failed to perforate the Spanish ground forces, but the English were successful in set uping Jamestown, Virginia. ( Garbarino 34 ) Native American confederations were scattered, for different folks sided with different states. As English presence steadily grew, settlers began to settle on Indian land. Some folks such as the Yamassee fought back, but were badly defeated. T hey were so forced into uninhabited land, where there was no competition ( Garbarino 37 ) . Contemporary Georgia became a hideout for slaves and Native Americans, where both groups of people inhabited and even intermarried. This symbiotic relationship was forced to an terminal when The English established Georgia. They so fled to Florida, which the British took over in 1763 after they forced Spain to merchandise it for Cuba ( Garbarino 39 ) . The peace and prosperity would shortly stop for the Seminoles as land was stripped off. American colonists began to intrude on Seminole district as the fertile land attracted them. In revenge, the Seminole raided American colonies and plundered valuables to protect their land. In add-on, plantation proprietors demanded that runaway slaves who lived with the Seminole be returned. To implement their demand, slave premium huntsmans were hired and sent to the Seminole lands. These conflicting issues are what pushed the two states towards war. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.anthro.mankato.msus.edu/cultural/northamerica/seminole.html ) After the War of 1812 between the British and United States, The United States declared war on the Florida Indians as a consequence of the tenseness and bloodshed between the two states. US Soldiers entered Spanish district and raided Seminole district in order to recapture slaves. However, the onslaught was much more than what was necessary, for small towns were burnt to the land, and their valuables plundered. This was known as the First Seminole War, from 1817 to 1818. ( Seminole 626 ) During the war, Billy Bowlegs led the Seminole, while US Army was led by Andrew Jackson, who would shortly go President for his heroic Acts of the Apostless. Native American casualties were high and subsisters retreated, while US casualties were minimum. As a consequence of their triumph, the weak Spanish signed a pact with the US, giving them full control the Florida. On February 22, 1821, Florida became a portion of the United States of America. ( Garbarino 40-41 ) The US forged an understanding with the Seminole that would take them from the Florida district and force them southwestward to Indian reserves. The Seminole reluctantly agreed to forestall farther complications. The footings of understanding were that the Seminole would give the US 30 million estates of land in exchange for 5 million estates of land further west/south. Basically, the US exchanged land unfit for cultivation for fertile and valuable land. The Seminoles faced widespread hungriness and many casualties due to disease on their yearlong journey. Meanwhile, they progressively grew discontent. By the twelvemonth 1830, when they were wholly settled in their new land, the US authorities planned to behave the Native Americans west of the Mississippi. At this point the Seminole were really weak and stood no opportunity, so they agreed, except for some opposition from some leaders. Under President Jackson, the US signed the Treaty of Fort Gibson with concerted Seminole leaders in 1832. Some leaders believed that the US had tricked them into subscribing the pact and refused to go forth. ( Garbarino 45-46 ) Before their deadline to go forth the district, Seminole warriors attacked US military personnels to get down the Second Seminole War, which lasted for 7 old ages ( Garbarino 46 ) . The great warrior, Osceola, led the Seminole utilizing guerrilla tactics. American casualties were highly high as compared to Seminole losingss. American colonies and plantations were raided and destroyed. Osceola was really humanist in that he refused to ache kids or adult females, and was against busting places. His tactics of ambush proved highly effectual against unsuspecting US soldiers. ( Garbarino 52 ) General Thomas S. Jesup became the new general and took bid of the 10,000 work forces in Florida. He ruthlessly attacked Seminole small towns, captured their cowss and Equus caballuss, destroyed harvests, and took their adult females and kids surety. These classs of action lowered the Seminoles morale. Despite their efforts to name it a armistice, the US ground forces continued to assail and incarcerate the Seminole. Even their great leader King Pilip was captured at one point. Osceola was imprisoned and shortly died, but his decease merely enraged the Seminole to contend farther. ( Garbarino 52 ) As the war raged on, the Seminole became outnumbered and their morale dropped. The terminal to the war was gradual, for no functionary pact was made. It was a soundless, consentaneous pact, which both sides seemed to hold upon. Some Seminoles were pushed deep into the Everglades, while other went west past the Mississippi. There was minimum bloodshed and struggles with the Seminole afterwards since they were now isolated and off from civilisation. ( Garbarino 54-55 )

Soft and Hard Power Essay Example

Soft and Hard Power Essay Soft Power and American Foreign Policy There is a growing anti-American sentiment across the globe. The Eurobarometer showed that Europeans think Americans tend to play a negative role in fighting poverty, protecting environment and maintaining peace. There is growing unpopularity amongst the youth of the world against the US. The US policy makers are not really concerned about this growing unpopularity because there is this notion that America is very strong. Because of this attitude American foreign policy also pays very little attention to soft power. * However, the US needs soft power for three reasons: It cannot tackle the new security threats with old security strategy. Example, while US was able to successfully topple the Taliban regime in Afghanistan after 9/11 it was not able to successfully over throw Al-Qeada which has presence in over 60 countries. * Unpopularity and disregard for softpower can have a negative effect on US image, which in turn can reduce its hard power. * In a growing global information age it is very important to have alliance across the globe. If the US keeps emphasizing on hard power it will become difficult for US to find alliances. For example if a Swede hacks into the Pentagon the US needs the help of Sweden to extradite their citizens. However, if relationship with Sweden is not good then it becomes difficult for the US to tackle cyber warfare. In recent times neo-conservatives have taken over foreign policy where they have a desire to spread democracy. However, unlike their predecessors who emphasized on the building international institutions along with democracy promotion, neo-cons want to spread democracy with the use of hard power. According to Joseph Nye this is a wrong strategy. We will write a custom essay sample on Soft and Hard Power specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Soft and Hard Power specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Soft and Hard Power specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However Nye states that all is not lost for the US and it can still overhaul its foreign policy. He suggests: a) Promote more economic development policy focused on the world’s poor. He credits George Bush for emphasizing long term assistance to African poor. b) To build alliance through international institutions. For example, the war in Kosovo had broad legitimacy and actually improved the image of US because US went through the security council where it got an overwhelming majority to go ahead with its plans. In the end Nye states that what the US needs is a Jeffersonian ideology towards foreign policy rather than a Jacksonian one.

Essay about D.A. Shannon

Essay about D.A. Shannon Essay about D.A. Shannon Psychology of the Science REQUIREMENTS PAGE 3 OF 8 Degree Requirements: Overall requirements to complete your degree include completing a minimum of 120 units. At least 42 of those units must be in upper-division (300-400 level) coursework. To graduate you must have a minimum 2.0 GPA in your major, minor, and overall. This page outlines your General Education requirements. Page 4 will review the requirements for the Psychology major. General Education Requirements: Foundations Composition ENGL 101, 107 AND ENGL 102, 108 Or ENGL 109H (along with a 4 or 5 on the AP English exam) Mid-Career Writing Assessment: Fulfilled by an A or B in 2nd semester of English. If you earned a C or lower in your 2nd semester of English, discuss alternate options with your advisor. Math BA: MATH 109C or 112 or higher, see APRR for excluded course numbers BS: MATH 113, 114, 124, 125, or 129 Second Language BA: 4th semester proficiency BS: 2nd semester proficiency Tier 1 Traditions and Cultures-2 courses of different letters (Ex: PHIL160A and HIST160C) Individuals and Societies-2 courses of different letters (Ex: PSY 150A1 and GWS 150B) Fall 2012 requirement term and beyond: Students must take PSY 101: Introduction to Psychology for the Psychology major. PSY 150A1: Structure of Mind & Behavior is a general education class and is considered equivalent to PSY 101 therefore it will not earn you credit for the major or general education requirements. If you are a PSYC major, you should take a _____150A/B/C general education class that is not PSY 150A1. Neither class is required if you have taken the AP Psyc test and earned a score of 4 or 5 or if you have an Introduction to Psychology transfer course. Students in requirement terms prior to Fall 2012: If you took INDV 101: Structure of Mind and Behavior (aka PSY 150A1) or transferred in credit for an approved introductory Psychology class and are using that class as a Tier 1 INDV, you do not need to take PSY 101 for your Psychology major. However, you CANNOT "double-dip" the units for that course in both your general education and your Psychology major. You must have 33 total units of Psychology credit for your Psychology major (36 Psychology credits/units for requirement terms prior to Fall 2008). You will need to take 3 additional units of Psychology credit (of your choice) to replace those units in the major. Your advisor can help you determine which rule applies to you. Natural Sciences-2 courses of different letters (Ex: GEOG170A and BIOL170C)

Compensation and Benefit Systems Research Paper

Compensation and Benefit Systems - Research Paper Example Moreover, harsh working conditions that are undergone by Chinese employees who put together Apple products at Foxconn worsen the already deprived compensation system. A survey by FLA (Fair Labour Association) in early 2012 discovered that 64.3% of Apple employees at Foxconn were not content with their compensation because they did not cover their basic needs. Moreover, the same proportion of Apple workers experience difficult work conditions for about 56 hours weekly (Denning 2012). The same FLA investigation discovered that the average monthly salary for unsupervised Apple employees at Foxconn was around $385, which is equal to $4,622 per annum. This compensation system includes salaries from the high rate of overtime hours these employees engage in. It is worth noting that the calculation of this analysis of the yearly salaries of Apple employees at Foxconn presumes that wages over the previous financial quarter represent those received all through the year. As a result, the strate gy might exaggerate incomes for 2013 because they might have increased since and play down incomes for the financial year 2014 because incomes might increase (McRitchie 2015). The compensation system for Apple’s executive or leadership team demonstrates the significant income discrepancy between the Apple C-suite and staffers compensation systems. The table below offers a detailed illustration of the sum of $441 million required in compensation by the team of nine executives comprising Apple’s leadership team in 2011.

SEXUAL ABUSE Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SEXUAL ABUSE - Coursework Example 2009). The personalities and behaviors of the involved persons often provide important information to the investigators. In order to determine the validity of a sexual abuse report, the available information and evidence is often evaluated. The best source of information is often evidence from sources like statements from eye witnesses, confessions, pictures or videos that depict the abuse. Additionally, conclusive medical and forensic evidence often make the process of case validation very easy. However, this kind of evidence is very rare in child abuse cases, hence the need to derive other means of validation. Hersen & Gross (2008), claim that the majority of child cases often have the statements from the child and other evidence that may be consistent with abuse but does not prove that the abuse actually occurred. The other evidence includes the child’s emotional and behavioral characteristics, indirect medical findings, known contact with the offender, suspect seen by othe rs and objects similar to the descriptions given by the child. In case there is no other evidence, then it becomes very important to examine the statements given by the child in order to validate an abuse report. ... Sexual knowledge or behavior that is developmentally unusual: This suggests that the child has been sexually abused repeatedly and has become used to it Developmentally appropriate language: The language used by the child must be consistent with his or her age to ensure that there is no coaching. Play and gesture indicative of abuse Idiosyncratic detail: The child should be able to recount highly personalized details to add credibility to his or her statement Content of the statement: The details of the child’s statement should be thoroughly analyzed in order to establish consistency The child’s manner and emotional response: The child’s emotions must be captured to establish whether they are real or coached The existence of a motive to fabricate: The assessment should consider the factors that may be behind the child’s motive to fabricate information or be coached to lie The child corrects the interviewer: The instances where the child corrected or failed to agree with the interviewer implies that he or she is paying attention to the session The statement of the offender should be examined for validity 2 Discuss, in detail, the various charging considerations, options, and statutory schemes. In the cases of sexual abuse, the most serious potential charge is often chosen although the prosecutor must prove all the elements of the crime beyond reasonable doubt (Myers, 1997). The nature of the conduct is often significant as it determines whether the offender did it once or repeatedly. The following considerations are often made: Intentional homicide: In the event that the child is murdered, the prosecutor must prove that the perpetrator intended to kill the victim. Knowing

Financial Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Markets - Essay Example Under financial discussions & research, options fall under a particular style or family. Theoretically speaking, the style or the family of options refers to a class that signifies the category into which that particular option comes under. The options are generally verified & studied by analyzing the dates on which these options may be exercised. Such options come under the purview of the European & American Styles. There are many more types of options available. The similarity between all of them is that they come under the 'Vanilla Options' wherein, the options are evaluated on the basis of the payoff. There are also numerous Non-Vanilla options such as the Russian & the Asian options. The proposed research is aimed at studying the various arbitrage options that fall under the Asian option. Under the proposed research, there are a number of issues that are planned to be studied. The first & the foremost would be to perform an analysis & assessment of the various techniques that have been devised for assessing the Asian option. The study of these techniques is very important in order to assess each one for its effectiveness & compare & contrast between all of them for their numerous features & capabilities. ... The reason why this topic is being studied is that though there are numerous techniques available for determining the payback, none of them is able to provide a clear-cut & a fully observable solution. This is because the evaluation of the Partial Differential Equations (PDE) involves a certain degree of adjustments in terms of the areas being evaluated under the integrals that varies with each technique. Nevertheless, numerous options have been devised that tend to improve the degree of efficiency and accuracy with which these options can be worked out.Some of the techniques that are proposed to be covered under the proposed research are discussed below: Roger & Shi's one-dimensional Model: This model is suitable for both fixed & floating Asian options. This method uses the Strike & the average value of a stock over a time period for the evaluation of the PDE. But there are certain problems with this technique that need to be investigated. Jan vecer technique: this method falls under the traded account option wherein the gains & losses from trading are evaluated using a special Partial Differential Equation. The PDE for this model takes into account the rate of reinvestment as well as the trading strategy with the intent of maximizing the price of agreement. Under the Asian option, the payoff is calculated as a function of the stock & the strike value. Monte-Carlo Approach: this approach is adopted when the dimensional space is larger than usual wherein the share of price is evaluated by the Black & Scholes model while the price of an asset has been given Lapeyre & Temam. This model utilized the standard Brownian motion & additionally

Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communication Overview

Global System for Mobile (GSM) Communication Overview Tara Rushdi Haydar Sinar Selahaddin Merdan Rojgar Mewlud Murad Contents (Jump to) Introduction What is GSM? GSM Network Architecture What is Roaming? What is GRAN? Requirement need for building GSM Generation of GSM Conclusion References Introduction GSM is a connection between two people − a caller and the called person – is the basic service of all telephone networks. To apply this service, the network must has ability to set up and maintain a call, which includes some tasks: identifying the called person, determining the location, routing the call, and ensuring that the connection is continued until conversation lasts. After the transaction, the connection is terminated. In a fixed telephone network, providing and managing connections is an easy process, because telephones are connected by wires to the network and their location is permanent from the networks’ point of view. Whereas, in a mobile network, the establishment of a call is more complex task, because it doesn’t have wire and permanent location. It enables the users to move by wireless (radio) connection. What is GSM? GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication and is an open, digital cellular technology transmits mobile voice and data services. It is a  digital  mobile telephony system that is widely used technology in the world. The GSM market has more than 70 percent of the worlds digital cellular subscribers. The GSM makes use of narrowband  Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)  technique for transmitting signals. The GSM was developed by using digital technology. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates. GSM operates at either the 900  MHz  or 1800 MHz frequency band. In Europe, operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands and in US, operates 1.9GHz and 850MHz bands. The GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200 kHz channel into eight 25 kHz time-slots. Cell phones use GSM network by searching for cell phone towers in the nearby area. GSM carriers have roaming contacts with other GSM carriers and typically cover rural areas more completely. GSM also has the advantage of using SIM (SubscriberIdentityModule) cards. The SIM card, which acts as your digital identity, is tied to your cell phone service carrier’s network rather than to the handset itself. This allows for easy exchange from one phone to another without new cell phone service activation. Today, more than 690 mobile networks provide GSM services across 213 countries and GSM represents 82.4% of all global mobile connections. According to GSM World, there are now more than 2 billion GSM  mobile phone users worldwide. GSM World references China as the largest single GSM market, with more than 370 million users, followed by Russia with 145 million, India with 83 million and the USA with 78 million users. GSM network architecture The GSM network is divided into three major systems: The operation and support system (OSS) The switching system (SS) The base station system (BSS)     Ã‚   GSM network architecture The Operation and Support System (OSS) The OSS stands for operation and support system. The function of OSS is that monitors and controls the system. The aim of OSS is that customer cost-effective support for centralized, regional, and local operational and maintenance activities that are needed for a GSM network. An important task of OSS is to ensure a network overview and support the maintenance activities of different operation and maintenance organizations. The Switching System The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing and  Subscriber-related functions. The switching system (SS) includes some functional units: Home location register (HLR)—The HLR is a database used for storage and management of subscriptions. The HLR stores permanent data about subscribers, including a subscribers service profile, location information, and activity status. When a person buys a subscription, he/she is registered in the HLR of that operator. Mobile services switching center (MSC)—The MSC performs the telephony switching functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other telephone and data systems. Also, it performs toll ticketing, network interfacing, common channel signaling, and others functions. Visitor location register (VLR)—The VLR is a database that contains temporary information about subscribers that is needed by the MSC in order to service visiting subscribers. The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station roams into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about the mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have the information needed for call setup without having to interrogate the HLR each time. Authentication center (AUC)—A unit called the AUC provides authentication and encryption parameters that verify the users identity and ensure the confidentiality of each call. The AUC protects network operators from different types of fraud found in todays cellular world. Equipment identity register (EIR)—The EIR is a database that includes information about the identity of mobile equipment that intercepts calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective mobile stations. The Base Station System (BSS) All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS, which consists of base station controllers (BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs). BSC—The BSC provides all the control functions and physical links between the MSC and BTS. It is a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, cell configuration data, and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver stations. BTS—The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The BTS is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to Service each cell in the network. BSC controls a group of BTSs. MS MS stands for Mobile Station. It is a combination of terminal equipment and subscriber data. The terminal equipment is called ME (Mobile Equipment) and the subscribers data is stored in a separate module called SIM (Subscriber Identity Module). Therefore, ME + SIM = MS. The SIM card contains an identification number of the user and list of available networks. What is Roaming? Roaming allows a mobile subscriber to automatically make and receive voice calls, send and receive data, or access other services when travelling outside the geographical coverage area of their home network, by means of using a visited network. Roaming is technically supported by mobility management, authentication and billing procedures. Establishing roaming between network operators is based on – and the commercial terms are contained in – dedicated roaming agreements. If the visited network is in the same country as the home network, this is known as national roaming. If the visited network is outside the home country, this is known as international roaming. If the visited network operates on a different technical standard than the home network, this is known as inter-standard roaming. GSM Roaming, which involves roaming between GSM networks, offers the mobile subscriber the convenience of being able to use a single number, a single bill and a single phone. The convenience of GSM Roaming has been a key driver behind the global success of the GSM Platform. The GSMA’s  GSM Coverage Maps  are a unique resource containing information supplied and approved by the members of the Association. The network, services and roaming information are continually updated to reflect the evolving situation worldwide. Interactive coverage maps, updated quarterly, allow you to navigate to see where exactly you can use your phone. What is GRAN? GRANis an abbreviation of  GSMRadio Access Network. It consists of  Base Transceiver Stations  (BTS) and  Base Station Controllers  (BSC). Its purpose is to manage the radio link between  mobile phones  and a  telecommunicationcore network. This access network provides access to both  Circuit switched  (CS) and  Packet switched  (PS) core networks. Aradio access network(RAN) is part of a mobile  telecommunication  system. It implements a  radio access technology. Conceptually, it resides between devices like a mobile phone, a computer, or any remotely controlled machine and provides connection with its  core network  (CN). Depending on the standard, mobile phones and other wireless connected devices are varyingly known as user equipment (UE), terminal equipment, mobile station (MS), etc. RAN functionality is typically provided by a silicon chip residing in both the core network as well as the user equipment. Network Management Subsystem (NMS) The Network Management Subsystem (NMS) is the third subsystem of the GSM network in addition to the Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) and Base Station Subsystem (BSS). The purpose of the NMS is to monitor various functions and elements of the network. The operator workstations are connected to the database and communication servers via a Local Area Network (LAN). The database server stores the management information about the network. The communications server takes care of the data communications between the NMS and the equipment in the GSM network known as â€Å"network elements†. These communications are carried over a Data Communications Network (DCN), which connects to the NMS via a router. The functions of the NMS can be divided into three categories: Fault management Configuration management Performance management These functions cover the whole of the GSM network elements from the level of individual BTSs, up to MSCs and HLRs. Fault management The aim of fault management to detect different type of problems then solve them rapidly. Fault management provides the network operator with information about the current status of alarm events and maintains a history database of alarms. The alarms are stored in the NMS database and this database can be searched according to criteria specified by the network operator. Configuration management The purpose of configuration management is to maintain up-to-date information about the operation and configuration status of network elements. Specific configuration functions include the management of the radio network, software and hardware management of the network elements, time synchronization, and security operations. Performance management In performance management, the NMS collects measurement data from individual network elements and stores it in a database. On the basis of these data, the network operator is able to compare the actual performance of the network with the planned performance and detect both good and bad performance areas within the network. Requirement need for building GSM Hardware and software A typical GSM base station, can’t do anything without a suite of components that maintain databases, perform call- ­switching functions, and so forth. This infrastructure is expensive (typically around $250,000) and complicated to configure, and it needs to be stored in an air-conditioned room. Obviously, that’s impractical in the kinds of places  ­OpenBTS is designed for. As a result, the system replaces much of the physical infrastructure of the core network with VoIP software–in this case, an open-source program called Asterisk that can be installed on any off-the-shelf PC. IP Connection Cell-phone users on an OpenBTS network can reach each other even if the system isn’t connected to the Internet, but reaching someone outside the network requires an Internet connection. On Niue, the group used five-gigahertz IP radios to link the BTS unit to Telecom Niue’s wired Internet infrastructure, four kilometers away. Burgess says that response time can get a bit sluggish if the Internet connection isn’t very good, but it doesn’t take much bandwidth to make the system functional. Power supply The system deployed on Niue draws about 60 watts of power, supplied by three marine batteries of the type that many locals use on their boats. Because the system’s power requirements are so low, Burgess says, a base station could also run on solar or wind power. GSM  handset OpenBTS re-creates the technology behind GSM (the global system for mobile communications), which is used by the majority of mobile phones in the world. Any GSM phone will â€Å"see† an OpenBTS network as a standard cell network and interact with it normally. Antenna Like any cell network, an OpenBTS system requires an antenna to facilitate signaling. Different types of antennas can be used, according to the range the operator wants the network to have. Generation of GSM First generation technology(1G) First-generation mobile systemsused analog transmission for speech services. It offered handover and roaming capabilities, but it was unable to interoperate between countries. So, this is disadvantage of first-generation. Second generation technology(2G) Second generation mobile system used digital transmission. It able to use handover and roaming capabilities. It uses FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. Third generation technology(3G) Third generation technology has fast data transfer rate. It enables to add services like mobile television, GPS, and video conferencing. Services include a wide area wireless voice telephony, video call, and broadband wireless data, all in mobile environment. Fourth generation technology(4G) Fourth generation technologyhas more bandwidth and services than 3G. The expectation for the 4G technology is the high quality audio/video streaming overend to end Internet Protocol, and work at 100 Mbps for mobile users and upto 1 Gbps over fixed stations. The word â€Å"MAGIC† also refers to 4G wireless technology which stands for Mobile multimedia, Any-where, Global mobility solutions over, integrated wireless and Customized services. Fifth generation technology (5G) Fifth generation technology has changed the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth, high connectivity, and has extraordinary data capabilities. User never experienced ever before such a high value technology. The 5G technologies include alltype of advanced features which makes5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future. 5G technology including camera, MP3 recording, video player, largephone memory ,dialing speed, audio player and much more you never imagine. 5G technology going to be a new mobile revolution in mobile market, so may be incoming days 5G technology takes over the world market. Conclusion Year by year, the GSM system improves and its subscribers increases around the world. It divides into three main parts that are OSS, SS, and BSS. These parts include some important department that manages the system, stores information of users, and another tasks. GSM has ability to roam worldwide and has roaming agreements in place with foreign operators globally. So, users can easily use their same SIM in another cities or countries. GSM network facilitate easier access to cellular and satellite platforms across international lines. Using digital technology, it employs both speech and data channels in its system. In addition, GSM has network management subsystem that detects problems and solves them, maintains information up to date, and detects good and bad performance of a network. References http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/GSM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_radio_access_network http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_access_network http://www.gsma.com/aboutus/gsm-technology/roaming https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/global_system_for_mobile_communication_technology.pdf http://www.tutorialspoint.com/gsm/gsm_overview.htm http://cellphones.about.com/od/phoneglossary/g/gsm.htm http://www.academia.edu/3099956/Generations_of_Wireless_Communication._From_0G_to_5G_Abhi http://www.technologyreview.com/hack/418552/build-your-own-cellular-network/

Macbeth: Macbeth A Victim of Circumstances :: Free Macbeth Essays

Macbeth: Macbeth A Victim of Circumstances Macbeth, a victim of circumstances or not? He was a victim of circumstances. The witches, Lady Macbeth, and Macbeth himself all contribute to the murdering of Duncan. The first of the three major circumstances Macbeth falls victim to is the witches' prediction. The third prediction that the witches make is that he will be king "All hail, Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!"1. The second of the circumstances is Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth, at first, skillfully pushes Macbeth to murder Duncan by mocking him "Was the hope drunk; Wherein you dressed yourself?"2, doubting his love for her "Such I account thy love,"3 accusing him of cowardice "And live a coward"4. She finally convinced him by pointing out how easy it would be " When Duncan is asleep-"5. Macbeth loved his wife very much and valued her opinion, perhaps too much. The last of the major circumstances is simply himself and what he is deep down. Macbeth has no control over the way he is. It is his vaulting ambition that makes him the way he is. This is why I consider it a circumstance where others may not. Macbeth is weak. He gave in to his evil side by even considering murdering Duncan. We can see him questioning himself in his aside in Act I scene 3 "Why do I yield to that suggestion whose horrid image ... Are less than horrible imaginings;"6. He cannot seem to be able to control his thoughts. He lets his ambition to become king run a wild. The murder of Duncan is the first and biggest step in Macbeth's moral degradation. From here evil deeds become easier because he feels he has gone too far to turn around. I am in blood; Stepped in so far that, should I wade no more, Returning were as tedious as go o'er.7 Later Macbeth is so hardened by his sins "The time has been my senses would have cooled To here a night-shriek"8 that a woman's shriek does nothing to him. Now, in order for this essay to show that Macbeth is a victim of circumstances I must prove the importance of each major circumstance. Without any one of these reasons I do not believe that Macbeth would have gone through with killing Duncan. If I take away the witches' prediction, Macbeth would never have thought about becoming king. Thus he would not have given even a thought to murdering Duncan. Now, if he never murdered Duncan, he would have had no reasons to have

Analysis Paper: Zinsser’s Book on Writing Essay

How can I, as a writer, balance writing for myself and for my readers without sacrificing the other? That is the question I was struck with while reading Zinsser’s book On Writing Well, and one he presents.In his book, writers are encouraged to adopt a style that is fitting of themselves, yet capture and maintain the attention of readers. What if my style does not capture readers? What if what captures the attention of readers does not do the same for me as I write? Am I stuck wrestling between this paradox of uncertainty or is there a way out? Note to self: NOT writing is not an option. Luckily, Zinsser, who is a writer, editor and teacher, offers solutions in chapters four, five, and nine that I found very helpful and will serve as a guide in future writing assignments. He advises that I eliminate any unnecessary words and keep my language simple. This won’t take away from my style, but enhance it by removing the â€Å"excess or murkiness [that] has crept into [my] style† and obstructs the message I am trying to convey to readers. Style is something that every writer possesses and makes him/her equally unique. So, the first step in capturing my audience while writing for myself is to relax and be myself. Zinsser states: The reader will notice if you are putting on airs. Readers want the person who is talking to them to sound genuine. Therefore a fundamental rule is: be yourself (19). Before writing, I should relieve myself of any pressure to write in a way that feels unnatural, produce an awesome paper that will rock everyone’s socks off, or me et a certain page length. Just sit down, believe in my own identity and opinions, and write! Aside from being myself, the second step is to determine the audience of my paper. A writers’ audience will first and foremost be him/herself. Zinsser continues to reiterate this point of authenticity by saying, â€Å"Don’t try to visualize the great mass audience. There is no such audience – every reader is a different person†¦You are writing primarily to please yourself, and if you go about it with enjoyment you will also entertain the readers who are worth writing for (24).† Oftentimes, I forget about myself when writing in an effort to complete the assignment and give the teacher what I think he/she may be expecting from someone at my educational level. Those assignments have been the ones I least enjoyed writing and/or have been told was missing my voice. By writing in this manner, I have been performing a huge disservice to my audience by not giving them what they need: me. I apologize! Along with expressing my personality, I should not neglect my craft. There is no excuse, as Zinsser states, for sloppy workmanship. I should respect my audience enough to pay close attention to technical details and ensure that their reading process is one of clarity then artistry. Third and final, I should start and end all of my writing assignments with â€Å"freshness, or novelty, or paradox, or humor, or surprise, or with an unusual idea, or an interesting fact, or a question† that will capture my readers (55). Zinsser says that the most important sentence in any article is the first one. If the reader has not been attracted to my subject through that sentence then there are no chances the reader will want to read further. Along with creatively beginning and ending my writing assignment, the information I present must give the reader a sense of purpose while reading. Readers need to know why I have chosen my topic, why they should read it, and be given enough information that leaves them feeling well-informed. As I continue to hone my writing skills and further develop them in other students, I want to carry Zinsser’s central message of authenticity with me. Writing at its best is unique, informative, and â€Å"an intimate transaction between two people, conducted on paper, and it will go well to the extent that it retains its humanity† (20). I want to urge my students to never forget the most essential piece in their writings: themselves. If that is forgotten, then the â€Å"intimate transaction† that is needed between them and their audience will be distant and ineffective.

Fashion Blogs for College Students

Fashion Blogs for College Students College is a special time for young women (and men) when they’ve flown the coop and are on their own for the first time. Being in a different city surrounded by people from all over the country, it’s one of the most influential times for fashion changes in your life. Of course you want to make an impression on your peers and make a statement about who you are as you enter this new world. These blogs can give you the inspiration you’re seeking to explore new trends and find your fashion niche. And, of course, how to do all of that on a student’s budget†¦ College Fashion For the fashion conscious college student who wants to keep up with the latest trends in campus style, this blog will show you how to pull off a pair of pom pom shorts for both day and evening wear, how to make a plaid skirt cool and feed your fashion inspiration with pop culture images from Game of Thrones to Jean-Michel Basquiat. collegefashion.net A Beautiful Mess This is the perfect blog for the craftsy, DIY college student. For those who want to make their dorm room not only the place they sleep, but their home away from home, you’ll find lots of tips on budget home dà ©cor such as a home-made tassle rug or wall hanging using only a ball of yarn. In their fashion section a host of DIY fashion tips to set you apart from your classmates. You’ll be the envy of campus with your home-made feather block dress. Missing your pet dog or cat from home? Learn how to make a pair of personalized pajamas with their image on them. abeautifulmess.com Kendi Everyday Want to know how to wear this season’s hottest colors? How about what to wear on your first date with a new beau? And how to double up on denim with a blouse and jeans. Fashionista Kendi brings you her own personal shopping and fashion tips for you to devour at will. Feast on it! kendieveryday.com Love, Lenore Another personal blog for the young and fashionable, this blog shows you how to get the best styles from shops like Anthropologie, Forever 21, HM and Nordstroms. She offers tips for every kind of fashion situation including weddings, travel and holiday. Her curated wish list will have you saving up for your next shopping experience. lovelenore.com Millennielle This blog by fashion expert Coco caters to the tastes of college students and millenials. What to wear to music festivals, how to get the best looks on a student’s budget and the brands with the most enduring fashion status. You can address her with your fashion emergencies and read her tips on how to make the most of modern life. millennielle.com The Houndstooth Straight out of DC, this blog is dedicated to showing off the Capital’s street fashion. One of the few fashion sites for both boys and girls, you’ll get your inspiration from real people who turn heads on the streets of Washington. thehoundstoothblog.com Necessary Proper This is almost the fashion blog equivalent of the show Mad Men, with photos and articles that promote the high life of successful men and women. You’ll learn how to rub elbows with high society at polo matches and how to mix the perfect cocktail, all while looking your absolute best next to your beau in khakis (or a tartan) and you in your grandmother’s pearls. necessary-and-proper.com I Spy DIY If you live to create your own look with DIY projects, this is the blog for you. Lots of inspiration on how to personalize your denim jacket to how to make the perfect spring dress, to how to make versatile earrings for any outfit. Get inspiration for looks you can’t buy in a store. ispydiy.com The Budget Babe As promised by the blog title, this site will show you how to find the look you want without having to drop the cash you don’t have. You’ll learn how to find discount versions of big label trends, where to shop and how to throw together a complete look for less. thebudgetbabe.com Whether your style inspiration comes from the Hamptons or the streets of DC, whether you like brand names or prefer to DIY, this list of blogs has it all for today’s college student. Happy shopping!

The Future World †English Composition Informal Essay

The Future World – English Composition Informal Essay Free Online Research Papers The Future World English Composition Informal Essay People have been thinking of all kinds of futures, and I have no exception. Always, people imagine that the future is totally great, but in fact, there will still be many problems in all aspects. So sometimes I think of the past, too. Maybe in the past, the life was also great in some way. Thus, I often think of the past and imagine what the world will be like in the future. When it comes to the future, I often think that is a convenient world. Many things will be invented and used for convenience. The means of transportation will be greatly changed. For instance, people will drive the small vehicles which have wings with them so they could fly high. Moreover, some kinds of the vehicles even have the jet engines so they could also fly fast like jet planes. Everybody wants to have one because it is cool when you drive it go and from school or work, but you must get the license first. So some people may choose other ways. One is the magnetic train. In the cities, there will often be many cars flying over your head during rush hours. In this situation, you must not want to fly your car into the terrible mess. What should you do? You can take the magnetic train. It floats on the air by magnetic force so there is no friction between the train and the ground; therefore, it can be very fast and people like to take a long distance trip by the magnetic train as w ell as a short one. And what kind of energy will people use in the future? Gasoline? Electricity? No. I think the most possible energy for using in the future is solar energy. Because the energy we use now will be run out of in the future such as gas, gasoline, and coal. They all are fuels. It means that if you want to get energy from them, you must burn them first. Thus, you can get what you want, but also, they cause air pollutions. So the best way to get energy is solar system. We cannot use sunlight directly, but we can turn it into some kind of energy which can be used like electricity. Besides, in the whole process, it would not cause any pollution. That is why future people will use it as the best energy resource. And I think they will improve the system over and over to make the most use of it. However, in the past, at least in my parents’ childhood, what people used the most were their â€Å"feet.† It was slower, though, it was also good. You got nothing to worry about because you just walked. When you walked you could feel more about nature. So, even now I also like to take a stroll when I have free time. I can see trees, flowers beside the path and listen to birds singing in the grove. Nowadays, people have been thinking how great the future will be, but it’s more important to think what we can do now. Because no matter how great the future will be, it is we that will make it out. As the saying goes well, â€Å"Acts speak louder than words.† Remember not to keep on imagining. Otherwise, all you imagine will turn out to be illusion and remains nothing. Research Papers on The Future World - English Composition Informal EssayLifes What IfsBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Spring and AutumnPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWThe Hockey GameIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalCapital PunishmentBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

English - Essay Example American foreign policy has transformed to one that shifted from the traditional conservatism, to a modern liberalism that takes a keen interest in world affairs. It is also vital to note that, as a global superpower, it would be questionable for the USA to take a back seat at what is happening on the global scene... Introduction United States of America has come a long way from dealing with internal issues to one that is now a global superpower. This power is in terms of its advancement in technology, political ideology, military, culture, and society in general. Any sober mind would observe that all these were advancement the US earned after a bitter struggle by scientists, technologists, men and women in uniform and every sector of the United States. Hard work, dedication, vision and the desire to be the very best were some of the values that laid the foundation for such impressive achievements (Brooks et al., 2003). Accordingly, such advancements accelerated the shift from an iso lationist foreign policy to the current global force that the federation has earned. The years immediately after the 1865 were probably the foundation years in which unfolding events of the world put the country’s military capability to test (Arthur et al., 2007). Pockets of war that ensued after the 1865 civil war were Japan conflicts, Colombia hostilities, Uruguay conflicts, Formosa conflicts, Nicaragua and China conflicts (Arthur et al., 2007). The US responded with military action, in many cases, to protect her interests in the conflicting countries. Such conflicts were particular of smaller magnitude given that a lot of military involvement later followed that redefined the strength of the US in newer terms. Most importantly, it appears that the engagement of wars that followed later were what actually defined the position of the US in the global map in as a military power and as a leading global ideologist. These wars were the First World War, the Second World War, the Cold War, the Vietnam War, Eastern Europe wars, the Gulf war and the Middle East wars. Entering all of these wars was a test for what the United States believed in in terms of right of nations to liberty, free determination of the masses, playing neutral in external aggressions and foreign policy of non-interference with European affair. Without knowing, such wars were silently laying the foundation for a change from Isolationist policy to a new one where the United States had to be worried about the forces that surrounded her in the larger volatile world. In essence, wars and political ideologies resulted in the transition from an isolationist foreign policy, in America, to one in which the nation is now a global superpower (Arthur et al., 2007). The United States embarked on this course staring with her involvement in the WWI after the Zimmerman telegram and German’s blatant disrespect to neutral shipping (Winkler, 2000). The Road to Global Superpower When the WWI broke out in 1914, the United States policy of non-interference with European affairs kept her at bay. The war began with factions such as the Triple Entente and Triple Alliance. Fought on Europe soil predominantly, the war saw Britain, France and Russia rise in arms against offensive from German, Austria-Hungary and Italy. The US

Journal Responce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal Responce - Essay Example King supports the argument stating that civil disobedience is one of the main tools used by historical figures and nations to protect and justify their rights and freedom. "There is nothing new about this kind of disobedience" (p.5). Stating a thesis, King uses historical information to attract listeners attention at once. The author shows that Americans should be free from segregation and racial discrimination using direct actions, because "freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor" (p.3). The argument is aimed to persuade and convince its audience of the truth of his statement explaining that non-violent civil disobedience have deep historical roots and closely connected with human rights movements. King attempts to persuade listeners that all people are equal and racial discrimination is based on unjust laws which should be eliminated. King uses definitional arguments to explain just and unjust laws. He explains that segregation laws are unjust laws: "Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that 'an unjust law is no law at all" (p.4). These arguments are crucial for the speech because they explain to unprepared listeners principles and social rules of a free society and equal rights. Definitional arguments help listeners to grasp the idea at once and inform them about legal rules and principles of social justice. It

Acute Care Nursing - Reflections on Practice Essay

Acute Care Nursing - Reflections on Practice - Essay Example This paper evaluates management of a midwifery case of a 29-year old who after presenting bleeding at 35.5 weeks of pregnancy undergoes an emergency caesarean section (C/S) and in the recovery room for post-surgery, bleeding continues despite IV infusion. After four hours, the woman is pale and responds poorly to non-verbal cues. The midwife has to assess Yee to ensure that her bleeding is not due to any other underlying risk factor but for cesarean section in her third stage of labor (Jacob, 2012, p. 415). Yee has experienced postpartum hemorrhage even though her blood loss after the cesarean birth is 700mL just four hours after the operation and there is a possibility of retained placenta fragments in her uterus given that her fundus is boggy and non-contracted (Yogev, 2004, p. 486). For accurate assessment of the fundus, the mother should be required to empty her bladder to eliminate interference with the uterine and lie flat on her back while flexing her knees. If the fundus is still soft and boggy, massaging should be performed gently until it gets firm. Retained fragments are ranked as one of the main cause of late postpartum hemorrhage and in the case of Yee, shock, continued bleeding, and boggy uterus are some main signs and symptoms. Further, the midwife must also ensure that fundus palpitation is d one frequently to determine ongoing muscle tone but this should not involve over massage as it fatigues the muscles (B-Lynch, 2006, p. 396). Since effective uterine contraction is the goal, bladder distention must be prevented since it displaces the uterus. Besides the administration of intravenous fluid, a physician can provide manual removal especially if the cause is incomplete separations of the placenta. The midwife must use communication to manage Yee’s feelings of faintness and dizziness that makes her not to respond to verbal cues (Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH), 2010). Sub-consciousness is due to orthostatic hypotension after birth and cautions the midwife of the patient’s safety. Hypotension arises from blood results loss causing blood pressure to lower to about 90/50 and a heart rate of 120 in attempts to circulate the blood in the body.

U.S. History of Building Construction and Fire Safety Essay Example for Free

U.S. History of Building Construction and Fire Safety Essay The construction of modern buildings has been constantly improving in providing world class architectural designs and durable construction materials that can help buildings withstand earthquakes and even fire hazards. It is the prime responsibilities of engineers and architects to ensure the building’s safety. Presence of skyscrapers and other high-rise buildings have become symbols of urban landscape. In planning the construction of buildings the safety of the occupants should always be consider. That is why there are building codes and specific safety measures and devices to make the buildings safe from danger. Building disasters usually comes from natural cause like earthquakes that is why earthquake proof buildings were constructed. Others are due to human factors brought by neglect or by terrorist attacks which can cause fire explosions inside building infrastructures. The U. S. history of building constructions had undergone necessary improvements and adjustments to their construction and planning in the passage of years to meet the safety standards of buildings therefore reducing the casualties in times of disasters. Fire safety and preservation of people’s lives are now the main focus in building structures and has been the greatest challenge for engineering firms. It is the goal of developers, architects, engineers and safety officials to conform to safety codes to prevent lost of lives due to fire and earthquake hazards. Building fires and structure failure are investigated and analyzed to understand the factors that contribute to the catastrophe. The investigations will establish the likely technical causes of the building failures and evaluate the technical aspects of emergency response and evacuation procedures in the wake of such failures. The goal is to encouraged improvements to the way in which buildings are designed, constructed, maintained and used. (National Institute Of Standards and Technology, 2008) History of Building Construction Changes in the Context of Fire Safety and Prevention Fire protection engineers with the help of science and technology develop means to protect people and property from fire. In designing new buildings or renovations to existing buildings, fire protection engineers develop the plan for fire protection. Fire protection engineering has evolved significantly over the past several centuries. Early application of fire protection engineering was intended to prevent conflagrations that could destroy whole cities. In the early 1900s, the primary objective of fire protection engineering was to limit fire to its building of origin. As fire protection engineering advance, this objective was refined to limit a fire to its object or room of origin. However it wasn’t until the later part of the 20th century that fire protection engineering had matured to the point that it included the fundamental tenets of professional and personal discipline. (Hurley, 2008) In 1800 English inventor John Carry designed the first crude automatic sprinkler but it went underdeveloped for a long period of time. In 1852 a patent was issued for first sprinkler-perforated pipe system which was the first recognized installation of fire protection equipment. In 1921 California passed a law forbidding wooden shingles on roofs but pressure from the roofing industry brought repeal. (Aurora Regional Fire Museum, 2008) A comparison of the 1968 and the 2003 New York City building code was conducted where the reference standards, compartmentation, construction, means of egress, fire suppression systems, fire alarm detection, signaling systems, emergency power and smoke and heat venting are analyzed. Reference standards include the standard method of fire test for construction materials, standards test for surface burning characteristic of building materials, installation of fire doors and windows. It also dealt with installation of air-conditioning and ventilating systems, installation of sprinkler systems, standpipe, water supplies, smoke detection, alarm and extinguishing systems. Safety codes for elevators, dumbwaiters, escalators and moving walks are also improved continuously. Occupancies are classified if they are primary occupants or secondary. Occupancy separation is also important. Roof construction including beams, trusses and framing, arches, dome, shells, cable that supported roofs and roof decks also. Fire and smoke dampers are also important. Means of egress is also evaluated. The required width of the means of egress should not be obstructed or reduce in any manner. Every floor area should also be provided with at least two approved independent exits. (NIST, 2008) Examples of Major Cases in U. S. History That Led To Changes in Building Construction Major cases of fire incidents happen in different settings like hotel, industrial areas, hospitals, warehouses, restaurants, night clubs, and high-rise buildings. High-rise building fires differ from low-rise building fires. A high rise building can be described as structure more than 75 feet high while aerial ladder reaches only 75 feet. People trapped in a burning high rise building who cannot be reached by the highest ladder will usually leap to their deaths or remain trapped inside the buildings. (High-rise Fires, 2008) Interstate Bank Building Fires in Los Angeles, California The Interstate Bank Building Fire in Los Angeles, California that happened May 4, 1988 was one of the most destructive high-rise fires in recent United States history. The fire presented the greatest potential for a â€Å"towering inferno† scenario of any U. S. fire experience and was controlled through massive and manual fire suppression efforts. It demonstrated the absolute need for automatic sprinklers to provide protection for tall buildings. The fire destroyed four floors and damaged fifth floor of the modern 62 story First Interstate Bank Building in L. A. , claimed one life, injured approximately 35 occupants and 14 fire personnel, and resulted in property loss of over $50 million. The interior design was found to be a large open area with readily combustible contents that contributed to quick fire growth. The sound-power emergency phone system was also ineffective. Radio communication were overtaxed and disrupted by building’s steel frame. (High-Rise Fires, 2008) One Meridian Plaza Fire One Meridian Plaza Fire document was one of the most significant high-rise fires in the United States’ history. The fire claimed the lives of three Philadelphia firefighters and gutted eight floors of a 38 story fire resistive building causing an estimated $ 100 million in direct property loss and business interruptions. This fire was a large scale realization of fire risks that have been identified on other similar occasions. The most significant new information from this fire relates to the vulnerability of the systems that were installed to provide electrical power and the support fire protection effort. In this incident there was an early loss of normal electric power, a failure of the emergency generator and a major problem with the standpipe system, which all contributed to the final outcome. (High-rise Fires, 2008) Rockefeller Center High-Rise Fire On October 10, 1996, an electrical fire in the landmark Rockefeller Center in New York City required a five alarm response by FDNY to control the fire. The damage was cause by five separate fires in various electrical rooms that caused significant disruption to a major television network. At approximately 4 a. m. on Thursday October 10, 1996 an electrical fire occurred at 30 Rockefeller Center Plaza in New York City. Several fires broke out in five remote locations, filling many areas of the building with smoke. The fires presented a challenge for the New York City fire department because of the varied locations of simultaneous fires and the confusing layout of the building. The Rockefeller Center is actually a complex building that is interconnected. This incident as analyzed by the NFPA has inadequate circuit protection, failure of the building alarm system to transmit the alarm, lack of smoke detection in the areas of the fire. If the fires have been detected earlier, they probably would have been easier to extinguish. The confusing building layout made the fire fighters to have a difficult time locating the fires. (High-Rise Fires, 2008) The World Trade Center Fire The collapse and fire incidence of New York’s City’s World Trade Center structures following the terrors attacks of September 11, 2001 was the world’s worst building disaster in recorded history killing about 2,800 people. More then 350 fire and emergency responders were among those killed, the largest lost of life for this group in a single incident. In response to the WTC tragedy, the National Institute Of Standards And Technology conducted a 3-year building and fire safety investigation to study the factors contributing to the probable cause of post impact collapse of the WTC towers (WTC 1 and ) and WTC 7 expanded its research in areas of high priority need such as prevention of progressive collapse, fire resistance and retrofit of structures, and fire resistive coatings for structural steel and is reaching out to the building and fire safety communities to pave the way for timely expedited considerations of recommendations stemming from the investigation. (NIST, 2008) 9/11 Terrorist Attacks Impact to Building Construction The goal of NIST or National Institute of Standards And Technology was to investigate the building construction, the material used, and the technical conditions that contributed to the outcome of the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster. It will serve as the basis for improvements in the way buildings are designed, constructed, maintained and used. The revision of codes, standards, practices and improved public safety are recommended. The primary objectives of the NIST-led technical investigation of the WTC disaster are to determine why and how WTC 1 and 2 collapsed following the initial impact of the aircraft and why and how WTC 7 collapsed. Determining the reason why the injuries and fatalities where so high or low depending on the location, including all technical aspects of fire protection, occupant behavior, evacuation, and emergency response. Identify as specifically as possible areas in building and fire codes, standards and practices that are still in use and needed revisions. (NIST, 2008) The eight major groups of recommendations included are: 1. ) Increased structural integrity, 2. ) Enhanced fire resistance of structures, 3. ) New methods for fire resistance design of structures 4. )Improved active fire protection 5. ) Improve building evacuation 6. )Improve emergency response 7. ) Improve procedures and practices and lastly 8. )Continuing education and training for fire safety. The standard for estimating the load effects of potential hazards like progressive collapse or winds and the design of structural systems are observed. Enhanced fire resistance of structures involves procedures and practices used to ensure the fire resistance of structures. It is enhanced by improving the technical basis for construction classification and fire resistance ratings. New methods for fire resistance design of structures includes practices used in fire resistance design of structures. Performance based methods are an alternative to prescriptive design methods. (NIST, 2008) This effort should include the development and evaluation of new fire resistive coating materials and technologies. Evaluation of the fire performance of conventional and high performance structural materials was conducted. Improved active fire protection systems like sprinklers, standpipes/hoses, fire alarms, and smoke management systems should be enhanced thorough improvements to design, performance and reliability. Improve building evacuation should be improved to include system designs that facilitate safe and rapid egress. Methods of ensuring clear and timely emergency communications to occupants are encourage together with better occupant preparedness for evacuation during emergencies. Incorporation of appropriate egress technologies was observed. Improved emergency response technologies and procedures should be improved to enable better access to buildings, response operations, emergency communications, and command control in large scale emergencies. Improve procedure and practices are used in the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of buildings. (NIST, 2008) Conclusion Analyzing the factors that cause building fires is necessary to help reduce the number of casualties and loss of property. There are many organizations responsible in supporting engineers and building construction firms to ensure the safety of their buildings from fire hazards. These include NFPA (National Fire Protection Association), NIST (National Institute of Standard and Technology), ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), ICC (International Code Council) and UL (Underwriter’s Laboratories) a product safety testing and certification organization and the Skyscraper Safety Campaign. Different incidence of high-rise building disasters provides firefighters with knowledge of the extent of damage and how to prevent the disasters to happen again. Safety measures and upgrade of fire safety equipment in building construction should be prioritized. The lessons learned from various building fire cases can provide background knowledge of the factors contributing to fire incidence. The most recent and the worst building fire case is the World Trade Center fires which exposed the vulnerability of public buildings to uncontrolled fires, explosions and other terrorist attacks. (NIST, 2008) Firefighters and building developers should keep in mind the factors that contribute to success or failure of fire disaster prevention and response. This include basic things like firefighter extinguishment, emergency response, heating and ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVACs), standpipe system, portable radios, building construction and evacuation strategy. These factors contribute to the quality and standard of building construction’s fire safety and prevention. There are many threats to buildings safety but there are applicable means to reduce the destructive impact of building fire hazards and collapse. Coordination between the government officials, inspectors, fire protection engineers and developers limits the chances for building fires and accident. Buildings safety is achievable by reducing the risks of fire and danger to people’s lives. References Grosshandler, W. , (2003). â€Å"Abstract: Research and Development for the Safety of Threatened Buildings.† Building and Fire Research Laboratory. Retrieved October 8, 2008, from http://www. fire. nist. gov/ Hurley, M. , P. E. S. F. P. E. , (2008). â€Å"Fire Protection Engineering. † National Institute Of Building Sciences. Retrieved October 8, 2008, from http://www. wbdg. org/ â€Å"Construction Organizations. † (2008). Dezignare. com. Retrieved October 6, 2008, from http://www. dezignare. com/ â€Å"Executive Summary: Final Report of the National Construction Safety Team on the Collapses of the World Trade Center Towers (Draft). † (2004). NIST And the World Trade Center Publications. Retrieved October 4, 2008, from http://wtc. nist. gov. / â€Å"Final Plan: Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation. †(2008) National Institute of Standards and Technology Retrieved October 4, 2008, from http://wtc. nist. gov/ â€Å"Fire through the Ages: A Timeline. † (2008). Aurora Regional Fire Museum. Retrieved October 8, 2008, from http://www. auroregionalfiremuseum. org/ â€Å"High-Rise Fires. † (2008). Special Fires. Retrieved October 8, 2008, from http://www. iklimnet. com/

The Changes Of Jerome Renault Essay examples -- essays research papers

Jerry Renault in The Chocolate War appears to be â€Å"going with the flow†Ã¢â‚¬â€trying out for football, checking out girls—but his inner character drives him to differ. He fights to grasp his feelings and lacks self-confidence when he needs it most. As Jerry begins to unearth his inner-self, other obstacles and ideas dealing with certain emotions arise. As he progresses and reaches a level of comprehension, he grows closer to his goal—a sense of self-rule. Jerry seems to be a typical freshman, in a period of experimentation—trying out for the team, dreaming about girls, reading â€Å"girlie magazines,† but he also appears to be a dazed and confused one. He is â€Å"stunned by his mother’s recent death and by the way his father sleepwalks through life.† Jerry is experiencing an identity crisis and needs some self loyalty which can only be gained by reaching a level of understanding of himself and his feelings. Later, preparing for bed and sleep, Jerry looked at himself in the mirror, saw himself as that guy on the Common must have seen him the other day: Square Boy. Just as he had superimposed his mother’s image on his father’s face, now he could see his father’s face reflected in his own features. He turned away. He didn’t want to be a mirror image of his father. The thought made him cringe. I want to do something, be somebody. But what? But what? (p.53) As Jerry continues to search for himself, he is faced with a â€Å"Vigil assignment†Ã¢â‚¬â€refusal to participate in the school fund raiser, ...

Submarines :: essays research papers

The History of Submarines   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the year 2000, the American submarine force will celebrate the first century of service by highly skilled people in some of the most technologically advanced vessels ever built. The past 100 years have witnessed the evolution of a force that mastered submersible warfare, introduced nuclear propulsion to create the true submarine, and for decades patrolled the deep ocean front line; the hottest part of an otherwise Cold War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Submarines in War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The U.S. Navy’s involvement with the submarine dates form 1888 when the Bureau of Construction and Repair (BUC&R) sponsored a design competition that brought John Holland a naval contract to build the experimental Plunger. As the new century dawned, prominent American naval leaders like Admiral George Dewey called the submarine a real threat to international surface forces, leading the Navy to acquire its first submarine in 1900. Overcoming competition from fellow American inventor, Simon Lake, Holland sold his newest model, Holland VI, to the Navy for $160,000 on April 11. This 64-ton submarine commissioned as USS Holland, or SS-1, on October 12 of the same year, was equipped with an Otto-type gasoline engine for surface running and electric motors for submerged operations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Due to the volatility of gasoline, American submersible designs soon followed the French practice, adopting the diesel engine in 1909 with the Electric Boat Company’s F class (SS-20 through 23), built at Union Iron Works in San Francisco. Combining the influence of diesel propulsion with the submersible designs of Holland and Lake, American submersibles took a familiar configuration through American entry into the Great War. Submarines of the E, H, K, L, M, N, O, and R classes and ranged in displacement form 287 to 510 tons, with the fastest boats displaying a top surface speed of barely 14 knots on diesel power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During World War I the U.S. Navy separated these submersibles into two groups according to mission. â€Å"Boats† of the N and O classes, as well as some of the E type, patrolled American coasts and harbors following a defensive strategy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other submarines drew assignments that sent them to hostile European waters after 1917. Some K-, L-, O-, and E-class boats conducted offensive, open-sea operations from the Azores and Bantry Bay in Ireland. They supported the Allied effort to maintain open sea lanes along the European coast and in the approaches to the British Isles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Nay Department’s plans for these vessels reflected the prevailing surface warfare thinking, which perceived the submersible as a type of destroyer or torpedo boat that should operate with the battle fleet.

Language and Culture Essay

One’s culture affects almost all of one’s communication behaviors. I discovered an article written by Margaret Cote, â€Å"Language Reflects Culture,† that reveals many of the differences between the Saulteaux language and the English language. Margaret Cote states, â€Å"Language determines the way a person views the world. † She describes how Indian people view things around them differently then English speaking people do. Margaret Cote says that she views the world around her in two different ways depending on what language she is speaking. In this paper I will discuss how attitudes and behavior are determined by the language one speaks and how language does indeed reflect a culture. One’s culture determines the way one processes information and how one copes with reality. Concepts and objects have frames of reference that differ from culture to culture. The meaning of a word partly depends on the culture’s historical relation to the concept or object described. When Margaret Cope returns home the topic of the conversation determines the language she speaks. Different cultures see the world differently. The Saulteaux people are extremely concerned with exactness and have different words for we and you, depending on whether they are being inclusive or exclusive. American culture is not as concerned with exactness and therefore we use the words we and you differently. Different cultures have different beliefs and values and these are expressed in their language, whether it be verbal or non-verbal. Many misunderstandings occur in intercultural communications because many are unaware of these differences. It is important for one to learn the differences of various cultures for one to understand one’s own identity. It is through knowing about others that one learns what is truly important to oneself. Language Reflects a Culture Languages group aspects of reality together. Things that are important to a culture have many groups and words for those things. Things that are insignificant have fewer groups and words. For example, there are many different words for car in the English language, because cars are very important to us. In the Saulteaux language there are many words for snow, because snow is an important factor for them. Both verbal and non-verbal communication reflects whether or not a culture values individualism or collectivism. Individualistic cultures value self-expression, speak out to solve problems and are confrontational when dealing with interpersonal problems. In collectivist cultures people have unconditional loyalty to the group and use avoidance, and face-saving techniques to solve problems (Hybels, S. & Weaver, R. (2007). P. 64). Culture determines one’s long-term or short-term orientation. In cultures with long-term orientation people value tradition, persistence, relationships by status, and having a sense of shame. In cultures with short-term orientation people do not value tradition as much because it tends to prevent innovation, nor do they have the same sense of shame or need to save face (p. 65). Communication between different cultures can be difficult. Many individuals either lack knowledge of other cultures or are just naive when it comes to dealing with individuals from other cultures. There are many barriers to intercultural communication, including ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Ethnocentrism is when one believes one’s own cultural norms and ways of thinking are superior to all other cultures. Ethnocentrism becomes a barrier to intercultural communication when one refuses to believe that another culture’s beliefs have any real value. It prevents one from seeing another’s point of view and greatly hampers empathy (p. 66). Stereotyping is oversimplifying or distorting views of another culture. Stereotypes categorize and generalize the information we receive daily. The problem with stereotypes is once they are established they are difficult to remove. Individuals tend to view things that fit the stereotype rather than see things that dispute them. This can be a barrier to intercultural communication because if one believes a negative stereotype about a certain culture they are much less likely to empathize with them (p. 66). Prejudice is a negative attitude toward a cultural group. These attitudes are usually based on little or no experience. When one has prejudice feelings towards another cultural group they do not like them because of some unseen or unproven fact. This greatly hampers intercultural communication because when one has a prejudice they form an opinion about a person before they even get to know them. Stereotypes often lead to prejudice. Getting to know individuals from different cultures assists one in eliminating prejudice (p. 67). Discrimination takes stereotypes and prejudice one step further by excluding, avoiding, and distancing oneself from other cultural groups. Discrimination is a barrier to intercultural communication because it does not allow interaction between different cultural groups. When one does not experience interactions with other cultural groups they are unable to learn about different beliefs and values. In closing, language is a pattern that ascertains the shape our thoughts and experiences take. One’s culture affects almost all of one’s communication behaviors. It determines how one views the world. The words and actions of individuals are determined by one’s culture. Communication behaviors are mostly learned when one is young by imitating those around one. Culture affects one’s attitudes and behaviors, and it reflects exactly what is most important to the people of that culture. Learning about different cultures can assist one when having intercultural communications. When we open our minds and hearts we are much less likely to stereotype, be prejudice against, or to discriminate against individuals that are different then ourselves. Being open and accepting of others makes intercultural communications a rewarding experience.