Sarbanes-Oxley Act Essay - 727 Words

Sarbanes-Oxley Act Dana Smith LAW/321 December 6, 2011 Michelle Hamilton Sarbanes-Oxley Act In the corporate world today the rules and regulations are stricter than they were in early 2000. The development of corporate governance that established procedures to be used by officers and directors for lines of responsibility, approval, oversight by key stockholders, and set the rules for corporate decision making became more extreme. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002 made the use of ethical decision making more prominent in todays business environment. The SOX Act established the penalties for both criminal and civil charges as well as those in the corporate world are not protected. The term piercing the corporate veil†¦show more content†¦Officers who certify reports knowing that the information is false can be awarded criminal penalties of $1 million in fines and 10 years in prison. If the reports were used in a larger fraudulent scheme the penalties increase to $5 million in fines and 20 years in prison. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is adopting a rule to adjust for the inflation on the maximum amount of civil monetary for certain penalties under the SOX Act. The SEC is requiring federal agency to adopt new regulations at least once every four years. A civil monetary penalty is any penalty, fine, or sanction for a specific amount, or maximum amount, as provided by federal law and is assessed or enforced by the agency in court. Under the SOX Act civil penalties include reinstating the whistle blowing employee to the same position with back pay and interest, compensatory damages, and attorneys fees and costs. The Sox Act does not protect employees complaints to the news media. These acts, also called leaks to the media, by themselves do not constitute whistle blowing. A complaint must be made to a law enforcement agency. The legal decision to treat the rights or duties of a corporation as the rights or liabilities of its directors is called piercing the corporate ve il or lifting the corporate veil. A corporation is treated as a separate legal person for the sole responsible of debts incurred. Corporations areShow MoreRelatedSarbanes Oxley Act1322 Words   |  6 PagesSarbanes-Oxley Act The Sarbanes-Oxley is a U.S. federal law that has generated much controversy, and involved the response to the financial scandals of some large corporations such as Enron, Tyco International, WorldCom and Peregrine Systems. These scandals brought down the public confidence in auditing and accounting firms. The law is named after Senator Paul Sarbanes Democratic Party and GOP Congressman Michael G. Oxley. It was passed by large majorities in both Congress and the Senate and coversRead MoreAnalysis of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act3143 Words   |  13 PagesAnalysis of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Abstract The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was enacted in July 30, 2002, by Congress to protect shareholders and the general public from fraudulent corporate practices and accounting errors and to maintain auditor independence.    In protecting the shareholders and the general public the SOX Act is intended to improve the transparency of the financial reporting.    Financial reports are to be certified by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial OfficerRead MoreEssay on The Sarbanes-Oxley Act852 Words   |  4 Pagestoday that are using the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) legislation that helps to safeguard their company and their financial records. The Sarbanes-Oxley act began in 2002 and the purpose behind this act was to protect organizations, it had a major impact on accounting and record keeping. Because of Enron, they passed this act for publicly-traded corporations to better implement control to their enterprise data. â€Å"Named after Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Mic hael Oxley, who also set a number ofRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act and the PCAOB Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act Overview: The development of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was a result of public company scandals. The Enron and Worldcom scandals, for example, helped investor confidence in entities traded on the public markets weaken during 2001 and 2002. Congress was quick to respond to the political crisis and enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which was signed into law by President Bush on July 30 (Edward Jones, 1), to restore investor confidence. In reference to SOX, penaltiesRead MoreSarbanes-Oxley Act Research Paper1097 Words   |  5 PagesSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Karla Azcue ACC 120-09 Mr. Donald Senior The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is one of the most important legislations passed in the 21st century effecting financial practice and corporate governance. This act was passed on July 30, 2002 thanks to Representative Michael Oxley a republican from Ohio and Senator Paul Sarbanes a democrat from Maryland. They both passed two different bills that pertain to the same problem which had to do with corporations auditing accountabilityRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesSarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ACC/561 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Following a number of discovered fraud scandals committed by well-known corporations and in order to restore public confidence in the stock market and trading of securities, the United States congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the year 2002. As a result of the act endorsement by the New York Stock Exchange and the Securities and Exchange Commission, among many other national overseeing committees, a number of rules and regulationsRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act Research Paper1787 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Sarbanes Oxley Act Research Project Brielle Lewis MBA 315 March 6, 2014 I. Abstract The purpose of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities law, and for other purposes. (Lander, 2004) The Act created new standards for public companies and accounting firms to abide by. After multiple business failures due to fraudulent activities and embezzlement at companies such as Enron Sarbanes andRead MoreSarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) Essays1756 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction In July of 2002, Congress swiftly passed the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investors Protection Act at the time when corporations like Arthur Anderson, Enron and WorldCom fell due to fraudulent accounting practices and bad internal control. This bill, sponsored by Mike Oxley (R-OH) and Paul Sarbanes (D-MD), became known as Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX).It sought to restore public confidence in publicly traded companies and their accounting practices, though the companies listed aboveRead MoreThe Implications of the Sarbanes Oxley Act on the Accounting Profession755 Words   |  4 PagesThe Implications of the Sarbanes Oxley Act on the Accounting Profession Abstract On July 30, 2002, the Sarbanes Oxley Act (also known as SOX) was signed into law by President George W. Bush. The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 is a federal law that set new or improved standards for all U.S. public company boards, management and public accounting firms. Covered in the eleven titles are additional corporate board responsibilities, auditing requirements and criminal penalties. ThisRead MoreEssay on Overview of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)1342 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act, frequently known as the SOX. The act was passed on in 2002 as a federal United States law. The law was drafted in response to the numerous numbers of financial scandals performed by high profile corporations such as Johnson Johnson. The action has created a new company standard of responsibility in order to protect the valued stakeholders, as well as the public, from the deceitful practices of various organizations. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act

Cyber Vulnerabilities - 1352 Words

INTRODUCTION With cyber-attacks on the continuous rise, organizations public and private must address computer security vulnerabilities. SANS Institute has revealed â€Å"unpatched client-side software applications† as the top priority vulnerability for organizations globally. In conjunction with unpatched client software, vulnerable â€Å"Internet-facing web sites† can result in an organizations infrastructure to be compromised. In this study I will address the issue of unpatched client software, the impact to an organizations infrastructure, and patch management as a vital mitigation solution. (http://www.sans.org) BODY CLIENT SIDE â€Å"UNPATCHED† SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS VULNERABILITIES Newly released software inevitably has glitches or â€Å"bugs†.†¦show more content†¦Email is a trending tool to exploit client side vulnerabilities. Email is a tool for spear phishing. Spear phishing exploits client-side vulnerabilities by using deceptive impersonations of applications. The email may contain a link to a trusted website, where the victim discloses personal information. Typically, the ultimate goal of the attacker is to steal data from the targeted organization and also to install back doors access so attacker can return for further exploitation. Do not open any junk mail, open email messages in plain text preferably HTML or RTF, lower administrative rights while access web browsers and no opening attachment until properly scanned (www.sans.org) Office solutions software applications are used as an exploit tool for spear phishing attacks using email. When a user opens the malicious document the exploits vulnerabilities in the office software begin. An attacker hosts a malicious document on a web server or shared folder, and entices a user to browse to the web page or the shared folder. Note that, in most situations, Internet Explorer automatically opens Microsoft Office documents. Hence, browsing the malicious web page or folder is sufficient for vulnerability exploitation in many cases (www.sans.org) Navigating vulnerable unpatched client-side workstations through the Internet super highway can lead to computer securityShow MoreRelatedcyber security vulnerabilities4737 Words   |  19 Pagesï » ¿ Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities Facing IT Managers Today Darin Swan University of Maryland University College Two factors increase the stakes of the cyber struggle. Tactically and operationally, the increasing dependence of modern technologically advanced forces (especially U.S. forces) on networks and information systems create new kinds of exploitable vulnerabilities. Second, as modern societies including the militaries that mirror them have continued to evolve, they have become everRead MoreThe Vulnerabilities And Cyber Kill Chain1243 Words   |  5 PagesA. ICS Vulnerabilities and Cyber Kill Chain 1. Reconnaissance - Summarize plausible active gathering, passive gathering, and active reconnaissance techniques that the adversary could have executed to gain intelligence on the target in the scenario. Reconnaissance is the act of collecting background research necessary to identify and select targets. (1) Cyber reconnaissance is an important stage of a well-organized cyber-attack, and is also one of the most time-consuming activities. This phase canRead MoreCyber Security And Vulnerability And Immigration1447 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Cyber security/vulnerability and immigration are some of the aspects that have raised concern in the recent past and significantly affect the ability of organizations in meeting their set objectives and goals. The current global setting has made our global economy highly sensitive to information as any form of security failing that may result in a long-term expense to the business. The situation will negatively affect consumer trust as well as spoil the overall reputation of the organizationalRead MoreCyber Security Vulnerability : A Analysis On The Vulnerabilities As Well As The Uses Of Cyber Intrusions2396 Words   |  10 Pages Cyber security vulnerability Bryan States University of Maryland University College Professor CSEC 610 July 7, 2015 Introduction An analysis on the vulnerabilities as well as the use of cyber intrusions in an organizational network has become key for running businesses (Sengupta, Mazumdar Bagchi, 2011). Enterprises including academic facilities, government parastatals and manufacturing firms are started to carry out business. The organizations mentioned above will in one way orRead MoreNetwork Vulnerabilities And Cyber Kill Chain Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesA- ICS Vulnerabilities and cyber kill chain 1. Reconnaissance This is the phase of the cyber operation in which the cyberwarriors gather information about potentials targets. This operation can be subdivided in three sub phases. The war planners provides objectives, targeters search for potential target that might achieve the war objectives, intelligence professionals gather information about the target’s weaknesses that might be exploited in an attack (Chapple Seidl, 2015, p. 5.2). Passive ReconnaissanceRead MoreThe Cyber Security Vulnerabilities Faced By Different Networks913 Words   |  4 PagesIn today society, Information Technology (IT) managers are facing their fears of different cyber security vulnerabilities faced by different network. The vulnerabilities being either unknown or known makes it challenging for an Information Technology manager to keep the network secure. Organizations prefer to deal with wireless network because of what it can offer. According to Cisco, wireless networks are a powerful tool for boosting productivity and encouraging information sharing. With untetheredRead MoreEssay Impact of Cyber Security Vulnerability on Organizations1263 Words   |  6 Pagesnetwork that uses stuff like packet technique or immediate control depletion to collect private and trustworthy material from cyber security computersystems. Vulnerabilities or weaknesses seem to be in the customer software whois a fellow of an industry that uses it to get the ir tasks performed. The uncovered customer software side is the most important cybersecurity vulnerability/ weakness that the IT community is facing nowadays. Since all the new industries (companies, non-profits or government entities)Read MoreThreat Assessment Ranks Cyber Related Vulnerabilities1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe 2014 Worldwide Threat Assessment ranks cyber-related vulnerabilities as the number one homeland security threat against the United States. In addition to cyber threats within the nation, Russia and China continue to hold views substantially divergent from the United States on the meaning and intent of international cyber security. Also stated within the 2013 Worldwide Threat Assessment is North Korea as they are becoming a tier one threat to the United States. Supervisory Control and Data AcquisitionRead MoreCyber Security Vulnerabilities : Information Systems And Network1614 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Security Vulnerabilities Abstract There are several cyber security vulnerabilities that organizations and individuals need to consider to protect the integrity and confidentiality of their computer systems and networks. These vulnerabilities include software and hardware, intranet, enterprise network, wide and local area network, and transmission media. This paper, therefore, focuses on software and hardware vulnerabilities as the most important and the reasons it is the most important. TheRead MoreAs Organizations Reliance On Technology Continues To Grow974 Words   |  4 Pages As organizations reliance on technology continues to grow so has the amount of cyber attacks which occur compromising organizations information systems and networks. These cyber attacks can have drastic effect on organization financially including downtime or even regulatory fines. Due to this the need to be able to properly identify assets, their vulnerabilities and threats, and the risk they pose to the organization has become a must for ensuring the protection of organizations information systems

Phloem and Principal Water-conducting Elements Free Essays

Exercise 4 (Histology) 1. 1 Give at least three distinguishing features of these groups of cells. Apical meristems have the following features: (1) a â€Å"border† of cells; (2) they follow order or shape; and (3) some cells are darker (indicating that they undergo mitosis). We will write a custom essay sample on Phloem and Principal Water-conducting Elements or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. 1 Identify the tissue. The tissue is a vascular cambium. 4. 5 (? ) Is the epidermis uniseriate or multiseriate? In the cross section of a young root of Helianthus, the epidermis is uniseriate. 6. 1 What do you call the outgrowths of the epidermis? These are called trichomes. 6. 2 What is their function? They function mainly for support and protection of the leaf or stem which contains the epidermis. 6. 3 Classify the types of epidermal outgrowths in the above plants. bristle| scale| simple hair| glandular| branching| stellate| 7. 1 Draw and identify the tracheary elements. reticulate| annular| pitted| scalariform| helical| 8. 1 Differentiate the sieve tubes from the companion cells. The sieve tubes in the phloem are composed of long, narrow cells which lack a nucleus, ribosomes, and some other cellular components; they transport sugars and other organic nutrients. Companion cells have nuclei and ribosomes that also serve the sieve-tube cells but do not themselves take part in conduction. 8. 2 What are the principal water-conducting elements of the xylem? The two principal water-conducting elements of the xylem are the tracheids and the vessel elements. 9. (Table 4. 1) Specimen| Tissue| Cell Types| Characteristic(s)| Function(s)| Cassava pith| | | | | Tomato fruit pulp| | | | | Spanish flag petiole| | | | | Lotus peduncle| | | | | Celery petiole| | | | | Coleus petiole| | | | | Mung bean seed coat| | | | | Peanut pericarp| | | | | Pineapple leaf| | | | | Others| | | | | How to cite Phloem and Principal Water-conducting Elements, Papers

The Seminole Indians Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

The Seminole Indians Essay, Research Paper The Seminole Native Americans are the autochthonal people of southeasterly North America. They are comprised of assorted folks, alternatively of being a individual, alone people. # 8220 ; As the United States is a state made up of people from many states, the Seminole is a folk made up of Indians from many tribes. # 8221 ; ( Garbarino-13 ) . The cultural diverseness consequences from their interaction with other southeasterly folks such as the Calusa, Yuchi, Timucua, Cherokee, Apalachicola, Chickasaw, and Creek. It besides accounts for their Muskogean linguistic communication, which derives from the Hokan-Siouan. The Seminole are most closely related to the Creek. In fact, they shared the same civilization until the Seminole fled from Georgia to Northern Florida during late eighteenth century. Under the Creek, they felt hampered and desired freedom. Therefore, they fled with hopes of independency to Florida, owned by Spain. There, they encountered the Apalachee and Timucua folks, both of which spoke the Mikasuki Language ( Seminole Indians 290 ) . Hence, they were named the Seminole, intending.runaway tens in Creek idiom. Negro and Indian slaves joined them in their pursuit for freedom, as they fled during the power struggles between American settlers and Native Americans ( Seminole 626 ) . They finally obtained complete freedom, but they still retained many imposts of their original civilization. However, their ambiance and milieus still had a great impact on their civilization and lives. Depending on the handiness of resources, they adapted to accommodate their environment. For case, their diet, vesture, and places all depended on the clime, the animate beings present, and the handiness of natural resources. Soon, these factors even began to act upon civilization. .The environment even influenced the linguistic communication and rites. Due to this engagement with Nature, they revered all of Nature. ten ( Garbarino 13 ) The Florida landscape consisted of changing textures: dense woods, bouldery mountains, and fertile vales. The more powerful folks tended to command the auspicious, profitable, fertile vales while the weaker folks controlled the unfortunate woods or mountains ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.seminoletribe.com/ ) . The vale great birthrate is what amounted to its illustriousness. It allowed for the agribusiness of indispensable veggies including beans, corn, and squash in great measures. Fortunately, the Seminoles were able to obtain fertile land. This, nevertheless, was non their chief beginning of nutriment. They hunted, gathered natural fruits, and fished aboard streams. There was a great copiousness of game in their district for all their demands. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.seminoletribe.com/ ) Prior to their reaching in Florida, Spain had claimed the land that Juan Ponce de Leon had named Florida. The district started from the southernmost border of Florida, to the Chesapeake Bay, to the Mississippi River. Meanwhile, struggles arose with the unsettled Native Americans and there were changeless warfare. As a consequence, Juan Ponce de Leon was injured and shortly died. This was a major triumph for the Native Americans that helped to keep their land. ( Garbarino 33 ) Following his decease, conflicts with the Spanish steadily decreased since there was no longer an urging pursuit for land. The Native Americans exposure to foreign people had annihilating effects. As a consequence of their contact with the Spanish, some Indians contracted diseases like fatal pneumonia and variola. The extremely contagious diseases spread rapidly and softly, go forthing them defenseless against their silent, unseeable antagonist. Many tribes population dropped steadily as foreigners continued to settle. ( Lepthien 5-6 ) There were several conflicts to set up control in Florida, in the district of the Seminole, by conflicting European states. In 1564, the Gallic established a colony in Florida, which was shortly destroyed by Spanish forces. Such conflicts between the French, Spanish, and English raged on continuing this event, each state looking to spread out their districts. In 1565, the Spanish founded a lasting European colony in the sou-east named St. Augustine. This district besides attracted the English, so Sir Francis Drake commanded an English force to assail St. Augustine in 1586. Unfortunately, he failed to perforate the Spanish ground forces, but the English were successful in set uping Jamestown, Virginia. ( Garbarino 34 ) Native American confederations were scattered, for different folks sided with different states. As English presence steadily grew, settlers began to settle on Indian land. Some folks such as the Yamassee fought back, but were badly defeated. T hey were so forced into uninhabited land, where there was no competition ( Garbarino 37 ) . Contemporary Georgia became a hideout for slaves and Native Americans, where both groups of people inhabited and even intermarried. This symbiotic relationship was forced to an terminal when The English established Georgia. They so fled to Florida, which the British took over in 1763 after they forced Spain to merchandise it for Cuba ( Garbarino 39 ) . The peace and prosperity would shortly stop for the Seminoles as land was stripped off. American colonists began to intrude on Seminole district as the fertile land attracted them. In revenge, the Seminole raided American colonies and plundered valuables to protect their land. In add-on, plantation proprietors demanded that runaway slaves who lived with the Seminole be returned. To implement their demand, slave premium huntsmans were hired and sent to the Seminole lands. These conflicting issues are what pushed the two states towards war. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.anthro.mankato.msus.edu/cultural/northamerica/seminole.html ) After the War of 1812 between the British and United States, The United States declared war on the Florida Indians as a consequence of the tenseness and bloodshed between the two states. US Soldiers entered Spanish district and raided Seminole district in order to recapture slaves. However, the onslaught was much more than what was necessary, for small towns were burnt to the land, and their valuables plundered. This was known as the First Seminole War, from 1817 to 1818. ( Seminole 626 ) During the war, Billy Bowlegs led the Seminole, while US Army was led by Andrew Jackson, who would shortly go President for his heroic Acts of the Apostless. Native American casualties were high and subsisters retreated, while US casualties were minimum. As a consequence of their triumph, the weak Spanish signed a pact with the US, giving them full control the Florida. On February 22, 1821, Florida became a portion of the United States of America. ( Garbarino 40-41 ) The US forged an understanding with the Seminole that would take them from the Florida district and force them southwestward to Indian reserves. The Seminole reluctantly agreed to forestall farther complications. The footings of understanding were that the Seminole would give the US 30 million estates of land in exchange for 5 million estates of land further west/south. Basically, the US exchanged land unfit for cultivation for fertile and valuable land. The Seminoles faced widespread hungriness and many casualties due to disease on their yearlong journey. Meanwhile, they progressively grew discontent. By the twelvemonth 1830, when they were wholly settled in their new land, the US authorities planned to behave the Native Americans west of the Mississippi. At this point the Seminole were really weak and stood no opportunity, so they agreed, except for some opposition from some leaders. Under President Jackson, the US signed the Treaty of Fort Gibson with concerted Seminole leaders in 1832. Some leaders believed that the US had tricked them into subscribing the pact and refused to go forth. ( Garbarino 45-46 ) Before their deadline to go forth the district, Seminole warriors attacked US military personnels to get down the Second Seminole War, which lasted for 7 old ages ( Garbarino 46 ) . The great warrior, Osceola, led the Seminole utilizing guerrilla tactics. American casualties were highly high as compared to Seminole losingss. American colonies and plantations were raided and destroyed. Osceola was really humanist in that he refused to ache kids or adult females, and was against busting places. His tactics of ambush proved highly effectual against unsuspecting US soldiers. ( Garbarino 52 ) General Thomas S. Jesup became the new general and took bid of the 10,000 work forces in Florida. He ruthlessly attacked Seminole small towns, captured their cowss and Equus caballuss, destroyed harvests, and took their adult females and kids surety. These classs of action lowered the Seminoles morale. Despite their efforts to name it a armistice, the US ground forces continued to assail and incarcerate the Seminole. Even their great leader King Pilip was captured at one point. Osceola was imprisoned and shortly died, but his decease merely enraged the Seminole to contend farther. ( Garbarino 52 ) As the war raged on, the Seminole became outnumbered and their morale dropped. The terminal to the war was gradual, for no functionary pact was made. It was a soundless, consentaneous pact, which both sides seemed to hold upon. Some Seminoles were pushed deep into the Everglades, while other went west past the Mississippi. There was minimum bloodshed and struggles with the Seminole afterwards since they were now isolated and off from civilisation. ( Garbarino 54-55 )